ADVANCED MATERIALS & PROCESSES | OCTOBER 2024 15 The Zee Probe offers several technological advancements: Nondestructive testing (NDT) advancement. It provides a specialized, nondestructive means to detect graphitization within cast/gray iron pipelines. Unlike traditional NDT methods, the probe offers a targeted approach, specifically designed to identify and assess the extent of graphitization, representing a leap forward in precision and utility for infrastructure maintenance. Preventive maintenance enhance- ment. By enabling early detection of graphitization, the probe facilitates a proactive maintenance strategy. This shift allows for timely intervention before catastrophic failures occur, enhancing the safety and reliability of water distribution networks and contributing to substantial cost savings by reducing the need for emergency repairs and extending the lifespan of existing infrastructure. Advanced sensing technology integration. The probe incorporates sophisticated sensing technology based on the principle of inductance variation, demonstrating an innovative application of electromagnetic principles to solve real-world problems. This integration represents a significant technological gain, pushing the boundaries of sensor capabilities and expanding their application to critical areas of public infrastructure. Infrastructure resilience contribution. The deployment of the probe significantly contributes to the resilience of water infrastructure. By providing a tool for early detection of graphitization, it directly impacts the longevity and reliability of critical water supply systems, ensuring the continued delivery of safe water services and the protection of public health. CASE STUDY A 54-inch cast-iron water main was exposed to atmospheric conditions and had been in service since the 1940s. The purpose of the investigation was Fig. 5 — Photograph showing the working principle of the sensor. Fig. 6 — Three sections selected for condition assessment. Fig. 7 — Section 2 was prepared for focus measurements. Fig. 8 — Pack layers of rust and dark graphitic-looking surface underneath. Fig. 9 — Cast-iron flange exhibiting extensive graphitization and cracking. Fig. 10 — Typical magnetic flux measurement using Zee Probe. Fig. 11 — Electrochemical potential measurement indicating graphitic corrosion.
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