1 7 ADVANCED MATERIALS & PROCESSES | JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2024 difficult to detect using EDS analysis, and so initial phase diagrams inaccurately indicated that the phase was a Ni-W intermetallic. The lengthy observation of the impurity carbide eventually led to a new impurity- aware perspective of nanocrystalline thermal stability. If the HoloMicroscope application was available at the time, a highly simplified workflow could have been used. First, upon obtaining high-resolution STEM images, the microscopist could select Ni, W, and possible common contaminant elements (e.g., O, N, C) from the periodic table of elements. Second, materials of interest containing these elements could be chosen for viewing. Third, the viewing mode would be selected. Standard viewing modes can show simulations from different combinations of high-resolution zone axis images, materials, and imaging modes. Fourth, the simulated images from the selected viewing mode would be examined and directly compared to the experimental data. At this point, a simple visual comparison between simulated images of potential candidates, and images from the real microstructure, would have identified the phase as Ni6W6C and saved the graduate student months of effort that could have otherwise been devoted to writing their dissertation. SUMMARY The HoloMicroscope application and related simulation database are still in early development. Additional features and expanded functionality will be added in the future, for instance 3D holographic crystal models of materials that can be rotated by hand for viewing in various directions, a database of real images for image recognition through machine learning, and a digital twin of an operating TEM that aids new user training. Customizing HoloMicroscope applications for individual users is also envisioned; given that different users process information differently and different cognitive strategies or approaches will further assist micro- scopists during analysis[7]. While this article summarizes the HoloMicroscope application, it should be noted that the concept of using mixed reality in scientific research is not limited to microscopy. In principle, mixed- reality applications may be useful for various scientific data collection methodologies, including atom probe tomography, x-ray imaging such as microCT, light optical microscopy, and beyond. ~AM&P Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the contributions of Caroline A. Spindel, Leo Chen, Joshua Smeltzer, and Mari-Therese Burton. Research was sponsored by the Army Research Laboratory and was accomplished under Cooperative Agreement Number W911NF-22-2-0032 titled Lightweight High Entropy Alloy Design (LHEAD) Project. This work was also supported by the Presidential Nano-Human Interfaces Initiative at Lehigh University, under the oversight of former President John D. Simon and former Provost Patrick V. Farrell. For more information: Christopher Marvel, assistant professor, Louisiana State University, 3290J Patrick Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, 225.578.1711, cmarvel@lsu.edu. References 1. Nano | Human Interfaces (NHI) Presidential Initiative, nhi.lehigh.edu. 2. K. Hochbein, Lehigh and the U.S. Army Research Lab Announce $25 Million Cooperative Agreement to Develop Next-Generation Metallic Alloys, www2.lehigh.edu/news/lehigh- and-the-us-army-research-lab-announce-25-million-cooperative-agreement-to-develop-next, April 1, 2022. 3. J. Madsen and T. Susi, The abTEM Code: Transmission Electron Microscopy from First Principles, Open Research Europe, 1(24), 2021. 4. C. Ophus, A Fast Image Simulation Algorithm for Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy, Advanced Structural and Chemical Imaging, 3(1), p 1-11, 2017. 5. A. Jain, et al., Commentary: The Materials Project: A Materials Genome Approach to Accelerating Materials Innovation, APL Materials, 1(1), 2013. 6. C.J. Marvel, P.R. Cantwell, and M.P. Harmer, The Critical Influence of Carbon on the Thermal Stability of Nanocrystalline Ni–W Alloys, Scripta Materialia, 96, p 45-48, 2015. 7. C.J. Marvel, et al., The Lehigh Presidential Nano-Human Interface Initiative: Convergence of Materials and Cognitive Sciences, MRS Bulletin, 46, p 997-1001, 2021. Fig. 3 — High resolution STEM-HAADF images of an initially unidentified Ni6W6C phase in a Ni-W alloy[4].
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