ADVANCED MATERIALS & PROCESSES | JULY/AUGUST 2023 23 An example of this is shown in Fig. 5, where a technoeconomic model developed by Argonne National Laboratory called EverBatt was used to predict the cost of materials and facilities required for a redox mediator relithiation-based direct recycling process as well as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions[14, 20]. From this prediction, researchers could pinpoint the most expensive aspects or materials used in the proposed process to target for further optimization or cost savings. CHARGING FORWARD As electric vehicle LIBs full of highly valuable components reach the end of their lifetimes, there will be a push to recover as much value as possible from them instead of sending them to a landfill. Enabling this circular economy will likely require a combination of hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, and direct recycling techniques to fully encompass the recovery of all types of EOL battery materials. Global EV companies, manufacturers of lithium-ion batteries, the transportation industry, EV consumers, waste collection sites, and battery recyclers must all play a part in developing and supporting advancements to standardization, regulations, and performance expectations for this multi-industry endeavor to be successful. ~AM&P For more information: Jaclyn Coyle, research scientist III, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO, 80401, 303.275.3000, jaclyn.coyle@nrel.gov. Acknowledgments This work was authored in part by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36– 08GO28308. All or part of this work was performed through the ReCell Center, which gratefully acknowledges support from the DOE, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, and the Vehicle Technologies Office. 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