A D V A N C E D M A T E R I A L S & P R O C E S S E S | S E P T E M B E R 2 0 2 2 2 6 point of MnO2, allowing the alloy to be selected for arduous but highly safety-critical applications such as railroad points and crossings. CONCLUSION Current engineering metals have properties that are almost certainly well below their potential, and are subject to failure by a number of mechanisms for which years of research and development has nibbled at the fringes of the failure mechanisms, but never succeeded in eliminating. For the future, bifilms need not be a component of our metals. Some foundries are now beginning to enjoy the production of improved castings together with increased efficiencies and reduced costs by using new and improved casting techniques[1,2]—even though still having a long way to go. The introduction of a newly developed production process for bifilm-free aluminum alloy products is expected to be launched in the U.K. in 2022. However, bifilm-free steels, nickel alloys, and titanium alloys are also needed. All suffer regrettably, and needlessly, now that the technology to eliminate bifilms is understood and available[1]. ~AM&P For more information: John Campbell, emeritus professor of casting technology, University of Birmingham, U.K. and Campbell Technology Ltd., 44 Born Court, Ledbury HR8 2DX, jc@campbelltech.co.uk. References 1. J. Campbell, Complete Casting Handbook, Elsevier, ButterworthHeinemann, Oxford, U.K., 2015. 2. J. Campbell, The Origin of Fracture – The Mechanisms of Metallurgical Failure, Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, U.K., 2021. 3. M. Tiryakioğlu, J. Campbell, and N. Alexopoulos, On the Ductility of Cast Al-7 Pct Si-Mg Alloys, Met & Mat Trans A, 40(4), p 1000-1007, 2009, DOI:10. 1007/S11661-008-9762-4 Corpus ID: 136881676. 4. J. Campbell and M. Tiryakioglu, 2022 Special Issue: Structural Quality and Its Effects on the Performance of Light Alloy Castings. ‘Catastrophic Failure due to Metal Fatigue Can Be Eliminated in Engineered Structural Components: Cases Studies on Bifilms’. Submitted to Metals MDPI, June 2022. 5. R.H. Jones, Stress-Corrosion Cracking, ASM International, OH, USA, 2017. 6. J. Campbell, VAR and ESR Steels - A Critical Appraisal, Liquid Metal Processing & Casting Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., USA. Editors: Matthew Krane, Abdellah Kharicha, and R. Mark Ward, 2022. 7. T. Yonezawa, M. Wanatabe, and A. Hashimoto, Primary Water SCC in 690 Alloy, Met & Mat Trans, 46A (June), p 2768-2780, 2015. 8. R.E. Boeri and R.A. Martinez, Mater Sci Technol, 29(6), p 665-671, 2013.
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