Nov_Dec_AMP_Digital

A D V A N C E D M A T E R I A L S & P R O C E S S E S | N O V E M B E R / D E C E M B E R 2 0 2 0 2 7 yellow areas 40% and 51%. In all three, sulfur was elevated 2-3%. The gray base area registered Monel. XRD, only suc- cessful for the black and yellow areas, confirmed roughly equal amounts of cu- prite, bunsenite, clinoatacamite, and a hydrated nickel compound for the for- mer, but nearly 60% bunsenite and 30% cuprite for the latter, with minor tenorite. While the Straus gate revealed lit- tle in organic analysis, the Hill gate was positive for a beeswax application. Such treatment may have impacted the weathering of the Monel and should be further investigated [4] . Visual anal- ysis of both gates after rain revealed turquoise areas were dry, the top pan- els received water drip from soffits and the bases were all but saturated. Giv- en some green run-off seemed to stain the mausoleum stone and the alloy was marketed as non-staining to masonry, this, and the solubility of all the corro- sion layers need to receive attention. The presence of bunsenite, an under-re- searched and undiscussed corrosion product for conservators, at Hill is inter- esting. A mineralized form of nickel(II) oxide, it is pistachio in color, with recent studies on nickel atmospheric corrosion finding it as an inner layer enclosed by theophrastite or nickel hydroxide [5] . Fi- nally, Clinoatacamite was not picked up by the XRF due to calibration—Bruker’s alloy setting does not test for chlorides, a key corrosion element for metals, un- less customized to do so. Oversight of this omission could create assumptions on the part of conservators and should be noted for future users. Bryn Athyn: The final case study looked at interior and exterior samples at Glencairn, the historic home of Ray- mond Pitcairn in the Bryn Athyn Histor- ic District, Pennsylvania. Monel, used in construction throughout every resi- dence and the cathedral in Bryn Athyn from the late 1910s through to the late 1930s, showed unusual coloring, with chemical patination posited by the res- ident blacksmith, Warren Holzman. While archives revealed orders of sal ammoniac and other chemicals and old photographs held clues, no definitive documentary proof was found. For the interior investigation, a beam and grille were subsequently tested from the Upper Hall. The beam was teal throughout with a paste-like film, while the grille, similar to the Hill Fig. 2 — Visual and technical identification of the Jesse I. Straus gate at Woodlawn cemetery.